Assessing rapid environmental change using geoindicators   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

A. R. Berger 《Environmental Geology》1997,32(1):36-44

 Geoindicators are high-resolution measures of short-term (<100 years) surface or near-surface changes in earth processes, and phenomena that are significant for environmental monitoring and assessment. They are based on standard concepts and procedures and can be used to track changes in fluvial, coastal, desert, mountain, permafrost and other terrestrial areas. Geoindicators assess both catastrophic events and those that are more gradual, but evident within a human lifespan. Most deal with changes on the landscape (0.1–10 km) and meso-scales (10–100 km), but some, such as relative sea level and volcanic unrest, have regional and global dimensions. Some are complex and costly to measure, others are relatively simple and easy to apply. Geoindicators can also be used to unravel trends over the past few centuries and longer through paleoenvironmental research, thus providing the important baselines against which human-induced and natural stresses can be better understood. Geoindicators have been designed by the International Union of Geological Sciences as an aid to state-of-the-environment reporting and long-term ecological monitoring. Received: 26 July 1996 / Accepted: 1 November 1996  相似文献   

Research on Relationship Between Fluorine in Tap Water and That in Urine of Chinese Residents     

王滨滨  郑宝山  翟城  刘小静  安宁 《中国地球化学学报》2004,23(4):373-379

In this study, the relationship between fluorine in drinking water and that in urine of urban residents in China is assessed. Fluorine concentrations in tap water and those in urine show a good correlation with a linear regression coefficient of 0. 9798, indicating that the fluorine concentrations in big cities under investigation are extremely low, and the main source of fluorine is tap water. The weather effect on the intake amount of fluorine is also discussed. When air temperature is above 15℃, people would intake more fluorine through drinking water with the rise of air temperature. When temperature is below 15℃, no remarkable relationship is observed between air temperature and the intake amount of fluorine. This phenomenon indicates that the main source of fluorine in China is tap water instead of foodstuff.  相似文献   

陕西省区域环境地球化学分区   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

潘爱芳  赫英  马润勇 《地球科学进展》2004,(Z1)

为了利用地壳元素分布特征与动植物微量元素含量间的关系,指导生态环境综合治理,借助已有的基础地球化学资料,进行陕西省地球化学分区,确定各分区的环境背景值、污染起始值、缺乏临界值、过剩值临界值,并将陕西省分为陕北、关中、陕南3个地球化学区,圈定了1个元素贫化区和2个元素富集区。提出应该在元素的缺乏和过剩的异常区内进行生物体内微量元素含量的定期检测。做到对地球化学疾病及时发现及时寻找对策,以保证人类生存环境的安全,提高生存质量。  相似文献   

美国长期生态研究计划：背景、进展和前景   总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1  

赵士洞 《地球科学进展》2004,19(5):840-844

由美国国家科学基金会支持的长期生态研究计划于1980年启动，至今在理论研究、开发技术和服务社会方面都取得了举世瞩目的成就。该计划的发展分为 3个阶段，每一阶段大约为10年。在其发展的第一个阶段，是以研究站所代表的生态系统为研究对象，主要开展了生态系统的过程与格局方面的研究并系统采集和存贮了有关数据；在1990 -2000年的第二个发展阶段中，其研究工作的重点是开展跨站的网络研究和人类活动对生态系统的影响，以揭示生态系统的过程与格局在较大空间尺度上的特征；按照规划，美国长期生态研究计划的发展进入到第三个阶段后，其工作的重点是开展综合研究、进行生态预测和更好地为社会发展服务，同时加强生物多样性的研究和信息学的发展。  相似文献   

我国农村合作医疗的地区模式     

宋韬 《世界地理研究》2004,13(4):75-78,85

农村合作医疗是我国农村主要的医疗保障形式。但是由于我国各地社会经济发展水平不平衡，中央政府的扶持政策也有所不同，合作医疗出现了多种不同的地区模式。高收入地区、中等收入地区及低收入地区的合作医疗在筹资方式、管理方式和补偿方式上都各有特点。  相似文献   

舟山渔场软体生物中PCBs的残留及潜在生态风险          下载免费PDF全文

潘永强  薛斌  张慎伟  黄子茵 《海洋学研究》2018,36(2):92-98

本文测定了舟山渔场附近6个沿海城市5种软体动物体内多氯联苯的污染水平,并进一步探讨了其潜在来源以及生态风险。结果显示,样品中PCBs的总含量水平为18.0~95.9 ng/g干重,平均含量为51.9 ng/g干重,与世界其他海域相比处于中等污染水平。组分分析表明,五氯联苯和二氯联苯为主要组成。PCBs的健康风险HR值均远低于1,表明日常食用不会对人体健康产生明显危害。  相似文献   

The impact of biofuel-induced food-price inflation on dietary energy demand and dietary greenhouse gas emissions     

Noah Scovronick  Paul Wilkinson 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1587-1593

Dramatic increases in liquid biofuel production have led to concerns about associated impacts on food prices, with many modeling studies showing significant biofuel-related price inflation. In turn, by changing patterns of food demand, biofuel production may indirectly influence greenhouse gas emissions. We estimated changes to dietary energy (calorie) demand and greenhouse gas emissions embodied in average diets under different biofuel-related food-price scenarios for Brazil, China and the United States, using food-price projections and food-price elasticities. Average energy demand decreased in all countries, from about 40 kcal per person per day in Brazil under a moderate price inflation scenario – a reduction of 1% relative to the (2009) reference scenario – to nearly 300 per day in the United States with high price inflation – almost 8% of reference levels. However, emissions per calorie increased slightly in all three countries. In terms of total greenhouse gas emissions, the results are suggestive of overall reductions only in the United States, where average reductions ranged from about 40 to 110 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per person per year. In China, the direction of impact is unclear, but the net change is likely to be small. Brazilian results were sensitive to parameter values and the direction and magnitude of impact is therefore uncertain. Despite the uncertainty, even small changes (positive or negative) in individual dietary emissions can produce large changes at the population level, arguing for the inclusion of the dietary pathway in greenhouse gas accounting of liquid biofuels.  相似文献   

Cascades of green: A review of ecosystem-based adaptation in urban areas     

《Global Environmental Change》2016

Climate change impacts increase pressure on challenges to sustainability and the developmental needs of cities. Conventional, “hard” adaptation measures are often associated with high costs, inflexibility and conflicting interests related to the dense urban fabric, and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) has emerged as a potentially cost-efficient, comprehensive, and multifunctional approach. This paper reviews and systematises research on urban EbA. We propose an analytical framework that draws on theory from ecosystem services, climate change adaptation and sustainability science. It conceptualises EbA in terms of five linked components: ecological structures, ecological functions, adaptation benefits, valuation, and ecosystem management practices.Our review identified 110 articles, reporting on 112 cities, and analysed them using both quantitative statistical and qualitative content analysis. We found that EbA research in an urban context is fragmented due to different disciplinary approaches and concepts. Most articles focus on heat or flooding, and the most studied ecological structures for reducing the risk of such hazards are green space, wetlands, trees and parks. EbA is usually evaluated in bio-geophysical terms and the use of economic or social valuations are rare. While most articles do not mention specific practices for managing ecological structures, those that do imply that urban EbA strategies are increasingly being integrated into institutional structures. Few articles considered issues of equity or stakeholder participation in EbA.We identified the following challenges for future EbA research. First, while the large amount of data generated by isolated case studies contributes to systems knowledge, there is a lack of systems perspectives that position EbA in relation to the wider socio-economic and bio-geophysical context. Second, normative and ethical aspects of EbA require more thought, such as who are the winners and losers, especially in relation to processes that put people at risk from climate-related hazards. Third, there is room for more forward-looking EbA research, including consideration of future scenarios, experimentation in the creation of new ecological structures and the role of EbA in transformative adaptation.  相似文献   

Assessment of human health impact from exposure to multiple air pollutants in China based on satellite observations     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2016

Assessment of human health impact caused by air pollution is crucial for evaluating environmental hazards. In this paper, concentrations of six air pollutants (PM₁₀, PM_2.5, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, and CO) were first derived from satellite observations, and then the overall human health risks in China caused by multiple air pollutants were assessed using an aggregated health risks index. Unlike traditional approach for human health risks assessment, which relied on the in-situ air pollution measurements, the spatial distribution of aggregated human health risks in China were obtained using satellite observations in this research. It was indicated that the remote sensing data have advantages over in-situ data in accessing human health impact caused by air pollution.  相似文献   

人为干扰对滨海湿地生态系统的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

杨杰峰  张曼胤  康晓明  李伟  雷茵茹  崔丽娟 《湿地科学与管理》2016,(1):42-45

对滨海湿地生态系统的主要人为干扰方式进行了系统辨识,详细阐述了不同人为干扰方式对滨海湿地生态系统结构、功能及服务的影响。综合分析了人为干扰造成的滨海湿地生态系统的结构改变、功能破坏、服务减少,其中,城市化、工业化进程干扰对滨海湿地生态系统的影响最为严重,并提出了滨海湿地保护对策。  相似文献